화학공학소재연구정보센터
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.20, No.4, 1186-1197, July, 2014
An overview on methods for the production of carbon nanotubes
E-mail:
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most exciting discoveries in nanoscale sciences. A brief survey of experimental work directed towards the synthesis of CNTs has been discussed. The various methods of production of CNTs are explained outlining their capabilities, efficiencies and possible exploitation as economic large scale production. Among the discussed techniques, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) appears to be the most potential way to produce high quality of CNTs at high yield. The advantages of CVD over other techniques are also explained and the effects of process parameter on the synthesis of these nanomaterials are discussed.
  1. Kroto HW, Heath JR, Obrien SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE, Nature, 318, 162 (1985)
  2. Iijima S, Nature, 354, 56 (1991)
  3. Iijima S, Ichihashi T, Nature, 363, 603 (1993)
  4. Bethune DS, Kiang CH, De Vries MS, Gorman G, Savoy R, Vazquez J, Beyers R, Nature, 363, 605 (1993)
  5. Ph. Ball, Nature, 414, 142 (2001)
  6. Hughes TV, Chambers CR, Manufacture of Carbon Filaments, US Patent No. 405, 480 (1889).
  7. Bacon R, Growth, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 283 (1960)
  8. Amelinckx S, Bernaerts D, Zhang XB, Vantendeloo G, Vanlanduyt J, Science, 267(5202), 1334 (1995)
  9. Maniwa Y, Fujiwara R, Kira H, Tou H, Nishibori E, Takata M, Sakata M, Fujiwara A, Zhao X, Iijima S, Ando Y, Phys. Rev. B, 64, 073105 (2001)
  10. Mordkovich VZ, Yoshimura SRPH, Chang, In Supercarbon: Synthesis, in: Properties and Applications, Springer, 1998, pp. 107.118.
  11. Oberlin A, Endo M, Koyama T, J. Cryst. Growth, 32, 335 (1976)
  12. Wiles PG, Abrahamson J, Carbon, 16, 341 (1978)
  13. Gibson JAE, Nature, 359, 369 (1992)
  14. Davis WR, Slawson RJ, Rigby GR, Nature, 171, 756 (1953)
  15. Monthioux M, Kuznetsov VL, Carbon, 44(9), 1621 (2006)
  16. Radushkevich LV, Lukyanovich VM, Zurn Fisic Chim., 26, 88 (1952)
  17. Baker RTK, Barber MA, Harris PS, Feates FS, Waite RJ, J. Catal., 26, 51 (1972)
  18. Dresselhaus M, Dresselhaus G, Avouris P, Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications, 80, Springer, 2001, pp. 1.9.
  19. Rouff RS, Lorents DC, Carbon, 33(7), 925 (1995)
  20. Hone J, Carbon Nanotube, Phonons and Thermal Properties, 80, Springer, 2001, pp. 273.286.
  21. Bernholc J, Roland C, Yakobson BI, Curr. opin. Solid State Mat. Sci., 2(6), 706 (1997)
  22. Yao Z, Dekker C, Avouris P, Electrical transport through single-wall carbon nanotubes, 80, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2001, pp. 147.171.
  23. Bonard JM, Salvetat JP, Stockli T, de Heer W, Chatelain AA, Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 918 (1998)
  24. Rinzler AG, Hafner JH, Nikolaev P, Lou L, Kim SG, Tomanek D, Nordlander P, Colbert DT, Smalley RE, Science, 269(5230), 1550 (1995)
  25. Tans SJ, Verschueren ARM, Dekker C, Nature, 393(6680), 49 (1998)
  26. Wong SS, Harper JD, Lansbury PT, Lieber CM, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120(3), 603 (1998)
  27. Dai HJ, Hafner JH, Rinzler AG, Colbert DT, Smalley RE, Nature, 384(6605), 147 (1996)
  28. Chen P, Wu X, Lin J, Tan KL, Science, 285, 91 (1999)
  29. Britto PJ, Santhanam KSV, Rubio A, Alonso JA, Ajayan PM, Adv. Mater., 11(2), 154 (1999)
  30. Liu C, Fan YY, Liu M, Cong HT, Cheng HM, Dresselhaus MS, Science, 286, 1129 (1999)
  31. Rodriguez NM, Kim MS, Baker RT, J. Phys. Chem., 98(50), 13108 (1994)
  32. Che GL, Lakshmi BB, Fisher ER, Martin CR, Nature, 393(6683), 346 (1998)
  33. Wagner HD, Lourie O, Feldman Y, Tenne R, Appl. Phys. Lett., 72, 188 (1998)
  34. Wang X, Chung DDL, Smart Mater. Struct., 6, 504 (1997)
  35. Kong J, Franklin NR, Zhou C, Chapline MG, Peng S, Cho K, Science, 287, 622 (2000)
  36. Niu C, Sichel EK, Hoch R, Moy D, Tennent H, Appl. Phys. Lett., 70, 1480 (1997)
  37. Frank S, Poncharal P, Wang ZL, de Heer WA, Science, 280(5370), 1744 (1998)
  38. White CT, Todorov TN, Nature, 393(6682), 240 (1998)
  39. Kim P, Lieber CM, Science, 286, 2148 (1999)
  40. Derycke V, Martel R, Appenzeller J, Avouris P, Nano Lett., 1, 453 (2001)
  41. Inganas O, Lundstrum I, Science, 284(5418), 1281 (1999)
  42. Menon M, Srivastava D, J. Mater. Res., 13, 2357 (1998)
  43. Journet C, Bernier P, Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process., 67(1), 1 (1998)
  44. Thess A, Lee RP, Nikolaev HJ, Dai P, Petit J, Robert CH, Science, 273(52), 483 (1996)
  45. Bethune DS, Kiang CH, Devries MS, Gorman G, Savoy R, Vazquez J, Nature, 363, 605 (1993)
  46. Ebbesen TW, Ajayan PM, Nature, 358, 220 (1992)
  47. Hwa KC, William G, Robert B, Donald S, Carbon, 33(7), 903 (1995)
  48. Jung SH, Kim MH, Jeong SH, Kim SU, Lee OJ, Lee KH, Suh JH, Park CK, Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process., 76(2), 285 (2003)
  49. Ebbesen TW, Production and purification of carbon nanotubes, in: Ebbesen TW (Ed.), in carbon nanotubes: Preparation and Properties, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1997 , pp. 139.162.
  50. Sinha N, John TWY, IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci., 4, 180 (2005)
  51. Ebbesen TW, Hiura H, Fujita J, Ochiai Y, Matsui S, Tanigaki K, Chem. Phys. Lett., 209, 83 (1993)
  52. Seraphin S, Zhou D, Jiao J, Withers JC, Loufty R, Carbon, 31, 685 (1993)
  53. Ebbesen TW, Carbon nanotubes preparation and properties Preparations and Properties, CRC Press, Baca Raton, FL, 1997, pp. 225.248.
  54. Gamaly EG, Ebbesen TW, Phys. Rev. B, 52, 2083 (1995)
  55. Byszewski P, Lange H, Hucsko A, Behnke JF, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 58, 1679 (1997)
  56. Lee SJ, Baik HK, Yoo J, Han H, Diam. Relat. Mat., 11, 914 (2002)
  57. Hatta N, Murata K, Chem. Phys. Lett., 217, 398 (1994)
  58. Colbert DT, Zhang J, Mcclure SM, Nikolaev P, Chen Z, Hafner JH, Owens DW, Kotula PG, Carter CB, Weaver JH, Rinzler AG, Smalley RE, Science, 266(5188), 1218 (1994)
  59. Ishigami M, Cumings J, Zettl A, Chen S, Chem. Phys. Lett., 319(5-6), 457 (2000)
  60. Shi Z, Zhou X, Jin Z, Gu Z, Wang J, Feng S, Xu X, Liu Z, Solid State Commun., 97, 371 (1996)
  61. Saito Y, Kawabata K, Okuda M, J. Phys. Chem., 99(43), 16076 (1995)
  62. Saito Y, Okuda M, Tomita M, Hayashi T, Chem. Phys. Lett., 236, 419 (1995)
  63. Ata M, Kijima Y, Imoto H, Matsuzawa NN, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 33, 4032 (1994)
  64. Seraphin S, Zhou D, Jiao J, Minke MA, Wang S, Chem. Phys. Lett., 217, 191 (1994)
  65. Saito Y, Nishikubo K, Kawabata K, Matsumoto T, J. Appl. Phys., 80, 3062 (1996)
  66. Lin X, Wang XK, Dravid VP, Chang RPH, Ketterson JB, Appl. Phys. Lett., 64, 181 (1994)
  67. Zhou D, Seraphin S, Wang S, Appl. Phys. Lett., 65, 1593 (1994)
  68. Kiang CH, Goddard WA, Beyers R, Salem JR, Bethune DS, J. Phys. Chem., 98(26), 6612 (1994)
  69. Lambert JM, Ajayan PM, Brenier P, Synth. Met., 70, 1475 (1995)
  70. Kiang CH, Goddard III WA, Beyers R, Salem JR, Bethune DS, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 57, 35 (1996)
  71. Kiang CH, Dresselhaus MS, Beyers R, Bethune DS, Chem. Phys. Lett., 259, 41 (1996)
  72. Seraphin S, Zhou D, Appl. Phys. Lett., 64, 2087 (1994)
  73. Satio Y, Okuda M, Fujimoto N, Yoshikawa T, Tomita M, Hayashi TJ, J. Appl. Phys., 33, L526 (1994)
  74. Park YS, Kim KS, Jeong HJ, Kim WS, Moon JM, An K, Bae HDJ, Lee YS, Park GS, Lee YH, Synth. Met., 126, 245 (2002)
  75. Saito Y, Kawabata K, Okuda M, J. Phys. Chem., 99(43), 16076 (1995)
  76. Journet C, Maser WK, Bernier P, Loiseau A, Delachapelle ML, Lefrant S, Deniard P, Lee R, Fischer JE, Nature, 388(6644), 756 (1997)
  77. Shi Z, Lian Y, Liao FH, Zhou X, Gu Z, Zhang Y, Iijima S, Li H, Yue KT, Zhang SL, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 61, 1031 (2000)
  78. Liu C, Cheng HM, Cong HT, Li F, Su G, Zhou BL, Dresselhaus MS, Adv. Mater., 12(16), 1190 (2000)
  79. Ando Y, Zhao X, Hirahara K, Suenaga K, Bandow S, Iijima S, Chem. Phys. Lett., 323(5-6), 580 (2000)
  80. Takizawa M, Bandow SJ, Torii T, Iijima S, Chem. Phys. Lett., 302(1-2), 146 (1999)
  81. Ando Y, Xinluo Z, New Diam. Front. Carbon Technol., 16(3), 123 (2006)
  82. Guo T, Nikolaev P, Thess A, Colbert DT, Smalley RE, Chem. Phys. Lett., 243, 49 (1995)
  83. Ando Y, Zhao X, Sugai T, Kumar M, Mater. Today, 22 (2004)
  84. Thess A, Lee R, Nikolaev P, Dai HJ, Petit P, Robert J, Xu CH, Lee YH, Kim SG, Rinzler AG, Colbert DT, Scuseria GE, Tomanek D, Fischer JE, Smalley RE, Science, 273(5274), 483 (1996)
  85. Maser WK, Munoz E, Benito AM, Martinez MT, de la Fuente GF, Chem. Phys. Lett., 292, 587 (1998)
  86. Munoz E, Maser WK, Benito AM, Martinez MT, de la Fuente GF, Maniette Y, Righi A, Anglaret E, Sauvajol JL, Carbon, 38, 1445 (2000)
  87. Dillon AC, Gennett T, Alleman JL, Jones KM, Parilla PA, Heben MJ, Metal Hydrides and Carbon for Hydrogen Storage NREL/CH (2001) 91.95.
  88. Kokai F, Takahashi K, Kasuya D, Yudasaka M, Iijima S, Appl. Surf. Sci., 197, 650 (2002)
  89. Yudasaka M, Kokai F, Takahashi K, Yamada R, Sensui N, Ichihashi T, Iijima S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103(18), 3576 (1999)
  90. Eklund PC, Pradhan BK, Kim UJ, Xiong Q, Fisher JE, Nano Lett., 561 (2002)
  91. Jiang W, Molian P, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 127, 703 (2005)
  92. Rinzler AG, Liu J, Dai H, Nilolaev P, Huffman CB, Rodriguez-Macias FJ, Boul PJ, Lu AH, Heymann D, Colbert DT, Lee RS, Fischer JE, Rao AM, Eklund PC, Smalley RE, Appl. Phys., 67, 29 (1998)
  93. Bower C, Suzuki S, Tanigaki K, Zhou O, Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process., 67, 47 (1998)
  94. Yudasaka M, Komatsu T, Ichihashi T, Iijima S, Chem. Phys. Lett., 278, 102 (1997)
  95. Yudasaka M, Ichihashi T, Komatsu T, Iijima S, Chem. Phys. Lett., 299, 91 (1999)
  96. Yudasaka M, Sensui N, Takizawa M, Bandow S, Ichihashi T, Iijima S, Chem. Phys. Lett., 312, 155 (1999)
  97. Bandow S, Asaka S, Saito Y, Rao AM, Grigorian L, Richter EPC, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 3779 (1998)
  98. Kataura H, Kimura A, Ohtsuka Y, Suzuki S, Maniwa Y, J. Jpn. Appl. Phys., 37, L616 (1998)
  99. Guo T, Nikolaev P, Rinzler AG, Tomanek D, Colbert DTRE, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 10697 (1995)
  100. Hugh OP, Handbook of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) principles, Technology, and Applications, in: Second Edition, William Andrew publishing, llc Norwich, New York, USA, 1999.
  101. Mubarak NM, Yusof F, Alkhatib MF, Chem. Eng. J., 168(1), 461 (2011)
  102. Kuang M, Wang Z, Bai X, Guo J, Wang E, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 1255 (2000)
  103. Lee C, Park J, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 3397 (2000)
  104. Muataz AA, Razi AF, Dayang BAR, Sadig ME, Chuah GT, Maan FA, Sunny I, Faizah Y, Hamid MA, Halim ISM, Somche, 596 (2003)
  105. Sinnot SB, Andrews Q, Rao DAM, Mao Z, Dickey EC, Derbyshire F, Chem. Phys. Lett., 315, 25 (1999)
  106. Yudasaka M, Rie K, Takeo M, Yoshimasa O, Susumu Y, Etsuro O, Appl. Phys. Lett., 679, 17 (1995)
  107. Ren ZF, Huang ZP, Wang DZ, Wen JG, Xu JW, Wang JH, Calvet LE, Chen J, Klemic JF, Reed MA, Appl. Phys. Lett., 75, 1086 (1999)
  108. Cheol JL, Seung C, Woo KH, Yun PC, Woong YC, Chem. Phys. Lett., 359, 109 (2002)
  109. Liu BC, Lyu SC, Lee TJ, Choi SK, Eum SJ, Yang CW, Park CY, Lee CJ, Chem. Phys. Lett., 373(5-6), 475 (2003)
  110. Hiraoka T, Kawakubo T, Kimura J, Taniguchi R, Okamoto A, Okazaki T, Sugai T, Ozeki Y, Yoshikawa M, Shinohara H, Chem. Phys. Lett., 382(5-6), 679 (2003)
  111. Nikolaev P, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 4, 307 (2004)
  112. Gulino G, Vieira R, Amadou J, Nguyen P, Ledoux MJ, Galvagno S, Centi G, Cuong PH, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 279(1-2), 89 (2005)
  113. Dong HK, Mei YS, Wei RC, Chem. Vapor Depos., 12, 395 (2006)
  114. Cao Z, Sun Z, Guo P, Chen Y, Front. Mater. Sci. China, 1, 92 (2007)
  115. Masao Y, Lujun P, Seiji A, Yoshikazu N, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 47, 1937 (2008)
  116. Tomie T, Inoue S, Kohno M, Matsumura Y, Diam. Relat. Mat., 19, 1401 (2010)
  117. Narkiewicz U, Podsiadly M, Jedrzejewski RI, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 384(384), 27 (2010)
  118. He DL, Li H, Li WL, Ashtiani PH, Lejay P, Bai JB, Carbon, 49(7), 2273 (2011)
  119. Palizdar M, Ahgababazadeh R, Mirhabibi A, Brydson R, Pilehvari S, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 11, 5345 (2011)
  120. Shirazi Y, Tofighy MA, Mohammadi T, Pak A, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257(16), 7359 (2011)
  121. Atthipalli G, Epur R, Kumta PN, Yang MJ, Lee JK, Ferrocene JLG, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 3534 (2011)
  122. Li H, He DL, Li TH, Genestoux M, Bai JB, Carbon, 48, 4330 (2010)
  123. Santangelo S, Messina G, Faggio G, Lanza M, Pistone A, Milone C, J. Mater. Sci., 45(3), 783 (2010)
  124. Hou B, Xiang R, Inoue T, Einarsson E, Chiashi S, Shiomi J, Miyoshi A, Maruyama S, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 50(6), 065101 (2011)
  125. Yong Z, Fang L, Hua ZZ, Micron, 42, 547 (2011)
  126. Skukla B, Saito T, Ohmori S, Koshi M, Yumura M, Iijima S, Chem. Mater., 22, 6035 (2010)
  127. Fonseca A, Hernadi K, Piedigrosso P, Colomer JF, Mukhopadhyay K, Doome R, Lazarescu S, Biro LPP, Lambin H, Thiry PA, Bernaerts D, Nagy JB, Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process., 67, 159 (1998)
  128. Willems I, Konya Z, Colomer JF, Van Tendeloo G, Nagaraju N, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Chem. Phys. Lett., 317(1-2), 71 (2000)
  129. Dai HJ, Rinzler AG, Nikolave P, Thess A, Colbert DT, Smalley RE, Chem. Phys. Lett., 260, 471 (1996)
  130. Kitiyanan B, Alvarez WE, Harwell JH, Resasco DE, Chem. Phys. Lett., 317(3-5), 497 (2000)
  131. Colomer JF, Stephan C, Lefrant S, Van Tendeloo G, Willems I, Konya Z, Fonseca A, Laurent C, Nagy JB, Chem. Phys. Lett., 317(1-2), 83 (2000)
  132. Cassell AM, Raymakers JA, Kong J, Dai HJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103(31), 6484 (1999)
  133. Flahaut E, Bacsa R, Peigny A, Communication, 1442 (2003)
  134. Cumings J, Mickelson W, Zettl A, Solid State Commun., 126, 359 (2003)
  135. Endo M, Muramatsu H, Hayashi T, Kim YA, Terrones M, Dresselhaus MS, Nature, 433, 476 (2005)
  136. Cheung CL, Kurtz A, Park H, Lieber CM, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(10), 2429 (2002)
  137. Zheng LX, O'Connell MJ, Doorn SK, Liao XZ, Zhao YH, Akhadov EA, Hoffbauer MA, Roop BJ, Jia QX, Dye RC, Peterson DE, Huang SM, Liu J, Zhu YT, Nat. Mater., 3(10), 673 (2004)
  138. Franklin NR, Li YM, Chen RJ, Javey A, Dai HJ, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 4571 (2001)
  139. Lacerda RG, Teh AS, Yang MH, Teo KBK, Rupesinghe NL, Dalal SH, Koziol KKK, Roy D, Amaratunga GAJ, Milne WI, Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 269 (2004)
  140. Maruyama S, Murakami Y, Shibuta Y, Miyauchi Y, Chiashi S, Chem. Phys. Lett., 360, 229 (2004)
  141. Sen R, Govindaraj A, Rao CNR, Chem. Phys. Lett., 267, 276 (1997)
  142. Satishkumar BC, Govindaraj A, Sen R, Rao CNR, Chem. Phys. Lett., 193, 47 (1998)
  143. Satishkumar BC, Govindaraj, Sen R, Rao CNR, Chem. Phys. Lett., 307, 158 (1999)
  144. Qiu JS, An YL, Zhao ZB, Li YF, Zhou Y, Fuel Process. Technol., 85(8-10), 913 (2004)
  145. Nikolaev P, Bronikowski MJ, Bradley RK, Rohmund F, Colbert DT, Smith KA, Smalley RE, Chem. Phys. Lett., 313, 91 (1999)
  146. Nikolaev P, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 4, 307 (2004)
  147. Kim NS, Lee YT, Park J, Han JB, Choi YS, Choi SY, Choo J, Lee GH, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(35), 9249 (2003)
  148. Eftekhari A, Manafi S, Moztarzadeh F, Chem. Lett., 35(1), 138 (2006)
  149. Kasumov YA, Shailos A, Khodos IT, Volkov VT, levashov VI, Matveev VN, Gueron S, Kobylko M, Kociak M, Bouchiat H, Agache V, Rollier AS, Buchaillot L, Bonnot AM, Kasumov AY, Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process., 88, 687 (2007)
  150. Kuo DH, Su MY, Chen WR, Chem. Vapor Depos., 12, 395 (2006)
  151. Bustero I, Ainara G, Isabel O, Roberto M, Ines R, Amaya A, Microchimica Acta, 152, 239 (2006)
  152. Zhangyi C, Zhuo S, Pingsheng G, Yiwei C, Front. Matter. Sci., 1, 92 (2007)
  153. Mark HR, Franziska S, Alicja B, David A, Geoff T, Felix B, Scott A, Coric E, Sparing M, Rellinghaus B, Paul GM, Cuniberti G, Knufer M, Schult L, Buchner B. Investigating the Outskirts of Fe and Co Catalyst Particles in Alumina-Supported Catalytic CVD Carbon Nanotube Growth. ACSnano 4(2)(2010)1146.1152.
  154. Arnaud M, Rita S, Jin WS, Endre H, Primoz RR, Juan CA, Donatello A, Olariu A, Laurenczy G, Forro L, ACS Nano, 5(5), 3428 (2011)
  155. Liu BL, Ren WC, Gao LB, Li SS, Pei SF, Liu C, Jiang CB, Cheng HM, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131(6), 2082 (2009)
  156. Yang Z, Zhang Q, Luo GH, Huang JQ, Zhao MQ, Wei F, Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process., 100, 533 (2010)
  157. Liu J, Jiang ZW, Yu HO, Tang T, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 96, 1711 (2011)
  158. Bazargan A, McKay G, Chem. Eng. J., 195-196, 377 (2012)
  159. Gregg SBM, Christian PD, Kenneth SV, Carbon, 47, 2085 (2009)
  160. Muhammad AMR, Javed I, J. Encapsul. Adsorpt. Sci., 1, 29 (2011)
  161. Li Y, Cui RL, Ding L, Liu Y, Zhou WW, Zhang Y, Jin Z, Peng F, Liu J, Adv. Mater., 22(13), 1508 (2010)
  162. Nagaraju N, Fonseca A, Konya Z, Nagy JB, J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem., 181(1-2), 57 (2002)
  163. Sinha AK, Hwang DW, Hwang LP, Chem. Phys. Lett., 332(5-6), 455 (2000)
  164. Couteau E, Hernadi K, Seo JW, Thien-Nga L, Miko C, Gaal R, Forro L, Chem. Phys. Lett., 378(1-2), 9 (2003)
  165. Rohmund F, Falk LKL, Campbell EEB, Chem. Phys. Lett., 328(4-6), 369 (2000)
  166. Chen M, Chen CM, Koo HS, Chen CF, Diam. Relat. Mat., 12, 1829 (2003)
  167. Klinke C, Bonard JM, Kern K, Surf. Sci., 492, 195 (2001)
  168. Zeng X, Sun X, Cheng G, Yan X, Xu X, Physica B, 323, 330 (2002)
  169. Mukhopadhyay K, Koshio A, Sugai T, Tanaka N, Shinohara H, Konya Z, Nagy JB, Chem. Phys. Lett., 303, 117 (1999)
  170. Wang X, Hu Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Scr. Mater., 44, 1567 (2001)
  171. Ning YS, Zhang XB, Wang YW, Sun YL, Shen LH, Yang XF, Van Tendeloo G, Chem. Phys. Lett., 366(5-6), 555 (2002)
  172. Su M, Zheng B, Liu J, Chem. Phys. Lett., 322(5), 321 (2000)
  173. Kong J, Cassell A, Dai H, Chem. Phys. Lett., 292, 567 (1998)
  174. Hernadi K, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Bernaerts D, Lucas AA, Carbon, 34, 1249 (1996)
  175. Kong J, Cassell AM, Dai H, Chem. Phys. Lett., 292, 567 (1998)
  176. Fan SS, Chapline MG, Franklin NR, Tombler TW, Cassell AM, Dai HJ, Science, 283(5401), 512 (1999)
  177. Li WZ, Xie SS, Qian LX, Chang BH, Zou BS, Zhou WY, Zhao RA, Wang G, Science, 274(5293), 1701 (1996)
  178. Douven S, Pirard SL, Chan FY, Pirard R, Heyen G, Pirard JP, Chem. Eng. J., 188, 113 (2012)
  179. Wei BQ, Vajtai R, Jung Y, Ward J, Zhang R, Ramanath G, Ajayan PM, Nature, 416, 495 (2002)
  180. Endo M, Fijiwara H, Fukunaga E, 18th Meeting Japanese Carbon Society, Japanese Carbon Society, Saitama, December (1991), pp. 34.35.
  181. Endo M, Takeuchi K, Igarashi S, Kobori K, Shiraishi M, Kroto HW, 19th Meeting Japanese Carbon Society, Japanese Carbon Society, Kyoto, December (1992), pp. 192.
  182. Endo M, Takeuchi K, Igarashi S, Kobori K, Shiraishi M, Kroto HW, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 54, 1841 (1993)
  183. Yacaman MJ, Yoshida MM, Rendon LL, Santiesteban JG, Appl. Phys. Lett., 62, 657 (1993)
  184. Perez-Cabero M, Monzon A, Rodriguez-Ramos I, Guerrero-Ruiz A, Catal. Today, 93-95, 681 (2004)
  185. Singh C, Shaffer MSP, Windle AH, Carbon, 41, 359 (2003)
  186. Zhu S, Su CH, Lehoczky SL, Munteleand I, Ila D, Diam. Relat. Mat., 12, 1825 (2003)
  187. Li Z, Chen J, Zhang X, Li Y, Fung KK, Carbon, 40, 409 (2002)
  188. By WHC, Sankaran RM, Adv. Mater., 20, 4857 (2008)
  189. Hana H, Choia SH, Leea TY, Yooa JB, Parka CY, Jeongb TW, Kimc HJ, Parkc YJ, Hanc IT, Heob JN, Leeb CS, Leeb JH, Yub S, Yic WK, Kimb JM, Physica B, 323, 182 (2002)
  190. Inusa A, Nataphan S, Jose EH, Diam. Relat. Mat., 23, 76 (2012)
  191. Mukul K, Yoshinori A, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 10, 3739 (2010)
  192. Danafar F, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Salleh MAM, Biak DRA, Chem. Eng. J., 155(1-2), 37 (2009)