Elsevier

Catalysis Today

Volume 3, Issues 2–3, June 1988, Pages 211-222
Catalysis Today

Kinetics and mechanisms in the ammoxidation of toluene over a V2O5 catalyst. Part 1: Selective reactions

https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(88)87010-XGet rights and content

Abstract

A thorough kinetic investigation of the ammoxidation of toluene over a V2O5 catalyst was carried out. Pressures of reactants were varied and rates for formation of benzonitrile and benzaldehyde were determined. Kinetic expressions completely describing experimental data were derived. A mechanisms is proposed on basis of both rate equations and other types of information published in the literature. The (010) plane of V2O5 is considered to be the active plane. An ensemble of 4 V=O species, having neighbouring vanadium ions exposed, is the active site. The rate-determining step for formation of aldehyde is the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the methyl group. Nitrile is formed from two routes. In one of the routes, the active site reacts with one ammonia molecule, which constitutes a rate-limiting step. In the second route, the active site chemisorbs two ammonia species, and the rate-determining step is the hydrogen abstraction from the methyl group. The results indicate that the electronic properties of the surface are greatly affected by adsorption of ammonia.

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      The vapor phase ammoxidation of toluene to benzonitrile has been extensively studied as a model reaction [5–16]. Various metal oxide-based catalysts, including vanadium (V)-based catalysts (V2O5 [5], VOx/TiO2 [6,7], VOx/ZrO2 [8], V2O5/Nb2O5TiO2 [9], (VO)2P2O7 [10–13]) and other catalysts (MoOx/Nb2O5 [13], MoOx/ZrO2 [15], Fe-based mixed oxides [16]) have been reported to show moderate to good yields (44–77%) of benzonitrile (based on toluene) at around 400 °C [5–16]. The catalytic efficiency in the ammoxidation of toluene has been discussed in terms of the selectivity or yield of benzonitrile based on toluene.

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