Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
ReviewRegulation of apoptosis in osteoclasts and osteoblastic cells
Section snippets
Apoptosis and its regulation
Apoptosis is controlled by two distinct signaling pathways, one initiated by death receptors, members of the TNF receptor family with an intracellular death domain, and the other regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, which involves mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. Both pathways activate a family of proteolytic enzymes called caspases that induce the morphological features of apoptosis by cleaving specific substrates (Fig. 1).
Death receptors. Death receptors (DR) include CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and
Summary
Our understanding of the molecular regulation of osteoclast and osteoblast formation, differentiation, and survival has increased dramatically in the past decade, largely from observation and study of the phenotype and cells from transgenic and knockout mice. It is now clear that the life span of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes is an important determinant of bone mass and strength. Furthermore, some of the drugs used to treat or prevent common bone diseases mediate their effects by
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Aihua Dai, Qian Zhang, Zhenqiang Yao, Teruhito Yamashita, and Raul Badell for technical assistance, Bianai Feng for histology, and Ildiko Nagy for secretarial assistance. Some of the work described was supported in part by Grants from the NIH (AR43510 and AR41336 to B.F.B.; and AR48697 to L. Xing).
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