Decellularized adipose tissue: A key factor in promoting fat regeneration by recruiting and inducing mesenchymal stem cells
Introduction
Autologous adipose tissue is considered as an ideal graft due to advantages of its availability, no foreign body reaction, soft touch [[1], [2], [3]]. However, the actual mechanism on how fat graft survives remains less completely understood [4,5]. “Cell survival theory” proposed that the mechanism of fat graft survival is based on established early blood circulation through anastomosis of the fat graft and host blood vessels [6]. The fate of adipocytes after nonvascularized fat grafting has been widely confirmed by “host replacement theory”. Host replacement theory clarified that under severe ischemia, all adipocytes underwent degenerative changes and subsequent adaptive tissue remodeling. Adipocytes within the fat pad die easily under ischemic conditions, whereas adiposederived stem or progenitor cells could survive under ischemic conditions and were activated and contributed to adipose tissue repair later on [[7], [8], [9]]– (see Table 1)
DAT has attracted much attention due to its wide range of sources and good regeneration capacity. Previous study emphasize the importance of the ECM in mediating ADSCs adipogenesis and point to the potential of the DAT microcarriers for use in soft tissue regeneration, including applications in plastic and reconstructive surgery [10]. Studies had also shown that DAT may displayed the capacity to promote in vivo adipose depot formation through the recruitment of host progenitor cells and vasculature [11,12]. However, it is unclear whether the DAT plays a positive role in the adipogenesis of other mesenchymal stem cells. The long-term transplantation efficiency and denouement of DAT is also unclear. Overall, to clarify its mechanism of promoting fat formation is beneficial to improve the adipose regeneration efficiency of DAT.
Section snippets
Source of specimens
Human adipose tissue was obtained from healthy patients (19–45 years of age) undergoing autologous fat transplantation surgery. Experimental umbilical cords (UCs) were obtained from healthy mothers who underwent cesarean section at term. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committees of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University.
Animals
Adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center) that were 8–10
General observations
As shown in Fig. 1, after decellularization of the adipose tissue, the original tissue shape was largely retained, and the tissue was milky white or light yellow and ductile. After lyophilization, the tissue was a porous foam.
Gross observation after transplantation
After transplantation, the color of DAT gradually turned yellowish, and the texture of DAT was obviously softened, and the border was rounded, with the original fiber and foam structure completely invisible. DAT gradually converted into adipose tissue. Additionally, the
Discussion
In the present study, the overall process involves repeated freezing and thawing for physical disruption [20,21]. After completion of the decellularization step, the tissues were irradiated with 60Co γ-rays for 48 h. This step promotes cross-linking [22]. The fat obtained by our group is particulate fat extracted from the human body through the classical Coleman fat [23] transplantation procedure.
DAT have been investigated as carriers for the expansion and delivery of ADSCs for use in an array
Conclusions
In vitro experiments showed that the DAT can interact with more types of MSCs than other scaffolds and ultimately achieve adipose tissue regeneration. Through the growth factors present in the matrix and its unique spatial structure, this biological scaffold promoted adipogenic differentiation in three types of MSCs. In in vivo experiments, we successfully generated adipose tissue after DAT transplantation. Further, transplanted DAT can survive in animals even after a long period of time (16w).
Declaration of competing interest
We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Nature and Science Foundation, P.R. China (No.81372065, 81871563).
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The first authors, and the authors contributed equally to this work.