Abstract
This first-attempt study used electrochemical methods to quantitatively assess electron-shuttling capabilities of different neurotransmitters crucial to catecholamine biosynthesis in human brain. As prior studies mentioned, aromatics bearing ortho- or para-dihydroxybenzenes could reveal promising electroactivities to stimulate bioenergy generation in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). This feasibility study extended to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of catecholamines and trace amines (e.g., 14 model compounds selected from neurotransmitters) synthesized by human brain via cyclic voltammetry methods (CVs) and MFCs. Dopamine (DA), levodopa (L-DOPA), epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NP), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) would perform the electron-shuttling characteristics, and the rest would not. In particular, DA formed by decarboxylation of L-DOPA could exhibit relatively higher electrochemical activities than their precursors. In addition, carboxylic acids formed by deamination and carboxylation of trace monoamines would reveal more significant reductive potential (Epc); however, their oxidative electric currents seemed to be reduced. That is, chemical structure significantly influenced whether the electrochemical characteristics could be effectively expressed. This work also clearly revealed that neurotransmitters with ortho-dihydroxybenzenes exhibited promising stimulation to bioelectricity-generating capabilities of MFCs in the ranking of DA ~ EP > NP > L-DOPA > DOPAC. This was consistent with ES behaviors as CV analyses indicated.
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03 December 2020
An Author Correction to this paper has been published: <ExternalRef><RefSource>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03474-9</RefSource><RefTarget Address="10.1007/s12010-020-03474-9" TargetType="DOI"/></ExternalRef>
Abbreviations
- CV:
-
Cyclic voltammetry
- DA:
-
Dopamine
- DOPAC:
-
3,5-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
- DBH:
-
Dopamine β-hydroxylase
- EGCG:
-
Epigallocatechin gallate
- ECG:
-
Epicatechin-3-gallate
- EP:
-
Epinephrine
- ESs:
-
Electron shuttles
- FAD:
-
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FADH2 :
-
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (hydroquinone form)
- HVA:
-
Homovanillic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid
- MFCs:
-
Microbial fuel cells
- NP:
-
Norepinephrine
- L-DOPA:
-
l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine; levodopa
- L-Phe:
-
l-Phenylalanine
- L-Tyr:
-
l-Tyrosine
- PEA:
-
Phenethylamine
- NAD+:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form)
- NADH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form)
- PNMT:
-
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
- TAs:
-
Trace amines
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Acknowledgments
This study was completed as part of cooperative achievements for Academic Exchange Program between Southeast University (China) and National I-Lan University (Taiwan). This work is also dedicated to the memory of Dr. Dolloff F. Bishop and Dr. Henry Tabak, as most of novel concepts were initiated while corresponding author—Bor-Yann Chen—worked in the National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cincinnati, OH, USA, under their mentorships.
Funding
The authors sincerely appreciate financial supports (MOST 106-2221-E-197-020-MY3, 106-2923-E-197-002-MY3, 106-2621-M-197-001, 105-2622-E-197-012-CC3) from the Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology for the project of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)sdg conducted in Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, C&ME NIU.
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Chen, BY., Lin, YH., Wu, YC. et al. Deciphering Electron-Shuttling Characteristics of Neurotransmitters to Stimulate Bioelectricity-Generating Capabilities in Microbial Fuel Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 191, 59–73 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03242-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03242-9