Recent advances in Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, physicochemical characterization and bioactivities
Introduction
Commercial mushrooms are nutrient rich edible fungi with medicinal value and biological activity [1,2]. They are commonly used in traditional medicine and nutraceuticals and have been used in treatments of various human and animal diseases for a long time [[3], [4], [5], [6]]. There are many mushroom species show diverse biological activity and have great research value [[7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]]. To date, have been many studies on the biological activities of mushroom polysaccharides and their mechanisms of action.
A. bisporus, a basidiomycetes fungus of the Agaricales order and Tricholomataceae family, is commonly known as the white button mushroom (Fig. 1) and is an economically important commercial crop [14]. Its importance has grown rapidly since the late 1990s, and it is extensively cultivated throughout Europe and North America [[15], [16], [17], [18]]. Currently, A. bisporus is popular in the global food market because of its nutritional value [19,20] and high levels of ergothioneine [16,21], selenium [22,23], and polysaccharides [[24], [25], [26]].
In particular, polysaccharides consist of a class of carbohydrates also called glycans, which are complex macromolecule compounds with more than 10 linked monosaccharide units. Saccharides in nature basically exist in polysaccharide form and have a variety of biological activities [27], including anti-inflammation [28], anti-diabetic [29], anti-radiation [30], antioxidant [31], anti-tuberculosis [32], and antitumour [33] effects. Moreover, polysaccharides have a special function as natural, green, nonspecific immune promoters [[34], [35], [36]] widely found in animals [37] and plants [38] and are extracted from microbial sources [39], particularly from fruiting bodies and hyphae because of their various physical and chemical properties [40]. Recently, scholars have not only extensively researched the extraction and isolation of polysaccharides from A. bisporus but also their chemical structure and bioactivity [[41], [42], [43], [44]]. However, these findings are not well documented.
Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the isolation, physicochemical structure, chain conformation and biological activity of ABPs. In addition, the relationship between the structural characteristics and biological activity of ABPs is also discussed. All these factors contribute to enhancing the value and utilization of polysaccharides from A. bisporus.
Section snippets
Isolation and purification methods
ABPs are multifunctional and can be divided into intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) groups according to their distribution. Polysaccharides from A. bisporus are generally extracted by hot water, acidic or diluted alkali solutions [12,41,45]. Hot water extraction is the most convenient method and is widely used in laboratories and industry [46]. By means of the hot water, the plasma walls of the cells are separated, and the contents of vacuoles are
Physiochemical and structural features
The structure of polysaccharides is divided into primary structures and high-grade structures [[79], [80], [81]]. A high MW polymer is formed by keto groups and aldehyde groups linked by glycosidic bonds [82]. The structural parameters include molecular size, spatial conformation, chain entanglement and stiffness [83]. These structural parameters exert a profound influence on the crystallinity, hydrophilicity, solubility and chemical stability of polysaccharides [[84], [85], [86]].
There are
Bioactivity
Through the assessment of a large number of pharmacological activities and animal experiments, it was shown that ABPs have biological activity that promotes health, such as immunity [42], antioxidation [45], antitumour [44], and hepatoprotective functions [105]. Moreover, the drug effect is remarkable, with few adverse reactions; therefore, polysaccharides are continuously being developed and utilized. Based on theory, the various biological activities and health benefits of ABPs are summarized
Conclusion and future perspectives
A. bisporus is a nutritious and medically valuable homologous fungus. It is not only a delicious dish but also has medicinal value to improve people's quality of life and body function. Polysaccharides are considered to be the most important component of A. bisporus and have a wide range of biological activities, including immunological, antioxidant, antitumour and anti-inflammation functions. Currently, the compound EAE of polysaccharides from A. bisporus has the highest yield. The
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China (KYCX17_1799); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0400303); Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).
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