Abstract
The preparation of as-spun silver–polyacrylonitrile composite nanofibers (Ag/PAN Com) and the in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles anchored on the surface of PAN nanofibers were presented. The former were directly electrospun from the solution of PAN and silver nitrate (AgNO3). The latter (AgNPs/PAN) were prepared by immersing as-spun PAN nanofibers in AgNO3 aqueous solutions with different concentrations under the radiation of UV light, as a facilitator for the reduction of Ag ions into AgNPs. A comparison between these materials, which are based on silver and polyacrylonitrile but via two different synthetic methods, as antibacterial composite nanofiber membranes against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), was made. The success of synthesizing was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Chemical groups on the surfaces of nanofibers were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The crystallinity of PAN nanofibers, the crystalline alterations of Ag/PAN Com due to the penetration of silver ions into the polymer matrix of nanofibers, and the structural models of newly formed silver nanoparticles were ascertained by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The gradual transformation of Ag ions into AgNPs, which occurred near the surfaces of Ag/PAN Com nanofibers without any catalyst agents, was observed by TEM. The occurrence was also clarified by analyzing FTIR and XRD spectra. The inhibition zones of Ag/PAN Com membranes at the first cycle of bactericidal test appeared the most expansive against both strains of bacteria even with lowering the release amount of silver. However, the AgNPs/PAN exhibited a more sustainable antibacterial ability after the second and the third incubation cycles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbasi E, Milani M, Fekri Aval S, Kouhi M, Akbarzadeh A, Tayefi Nasrabadi H et al (2016) Silver nanoparticles: synthesis methods, bio-applications and properties. Crit Rev Microbiol 42(2):173–180
Ahluwalia V, Kumar J, Sisodia R, Shakil NA, Walia S (2014) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Trichoderma harzianum and their bio-efficacy evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Ind Crop Prod 55:202–206
Cipriani E, Zanetti M, Bracco P, Brunella V, Luda MP, Costa L (2016) Crosslinking and carbonization processes in PAN films and nanofibers. Polym Degrad Stabil 123:178–188
Epifani M, Giannini C, Tapfer L, Vasanelli L (2004) Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of Ag and Au nanoparticles in SiO2, TiO2, and ZrO2 thin films. J Am Ceram Soc 83(10):2385–2393
Feng QL, Wu J, Chen GQ, Cui FZ, Kim TN, Kim JO (2000) A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Biomed Mater Res 52(4):662–668
Gaillet S, Rouanet J-M (2015) Silver nanoparticles: their potential toxic effects after oral exposure and underlying mechanisms—a review. Food Chem Toxicol 77:58–63
Greulich C, Braun D, Peetsch A, Diendorf J, Siebers B, Epple M, Köller M (2012) The toxic effect of silver ions and silver nanoparticles towards bacteria and human cells occurs in the same concentration range. RSC Adv 2(17):6981–6987
Gurunathan S, Kalishwaralal K, Vaidyanathan R, Venkataraman D, Pandian SRK, Muniyandi J, Hariharan N, Eom SH (2009) Biosynthesis, purification and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Escherichia coli. Colloids Surf B 74(1):328–335
Guzman M, Dille J, Godet S (2012) Synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nanomed-Nanotechnol 8(1):37–45
Helgason E, Okstad OA, Caugant DA, Johansen HA, Fouet A, Mock M et al (2000) Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis—one species on the basis of genetic evidence. Appl Environ Microbiol 66(6):2627–2630
Hogstrand C, Galvez F, Wood CM (1996) Toxicity, silver accumulation and metallothionein induction in freshwater rainbow trout during exposure to different silver salts. Environ Toxicol Chem 15(7):1102–1108
Jiang Z-J, Liu C-Y, Sun L-W (2005) Catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles supported on silica spheres. J Phys Chem B 109(5):1730–1735
Kim B-S, Kim I-S (2011) Recent nanofiber technologies. Polym Rev 51(3):235–238
Lee K-H, Ohsawa O, Watanabe K, Kim I-S, Givens SR, Chase B, Rabolt JF (2009) Electrospinning of syndiotactic polypropylene from a polymer solution at ambient temperatures. Macromolecules 42(14):5215–5218
Li Q, Mahendra S, Lyon DY, Brunet L, Liga MV, Li D, Alvarez PJJ (2008) Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications. Water Res 42(18):4591–4602
Li W-R, Sun T-L, Zhou S-L, Ma Y-K, Shi Q-S, Xie X-B, Huang X-M (2017) A comparative analysis of antibacterial activity, dynamics, and effects of silver ions and silver nanoparticles against four bacterial strains. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 123:304–310
Lu DR, Abu-Izza K, Mao F (1996) Nonlinear data fitting for controlled release devices: an integrated computer program. Int J Pharm 129(1):243–251
Lu L, Wang H, Zhou Y, Xi S, Zhang H, Hu J, Zhao B (2002) Seed-mediated growth of large, monodisperse core–shell gold–silver nanoparticles with Ag-like optical properties. Chem Commun 2:144–145
Lu W, Liao F, Luo Y, Chang G, Sun X (2011) Hydrothermal synthesis of well-stable silver nanoparticles and their application for enzymeless hydrogen peroxide detection. Electrochim Acta 56(5):2295–2298
Nataraj SK, Yang KS, Aminabhavi TM (2012) Polyacrylonitrile-based nanofibers—a state-of-the-art review. Prog Polym Sci 37(3):487–513
Pant B, Pant HR, Pandeya DR, Panthi G, Nam KT, Hong ST, Kim CS, Kim HY (2012) Characterization and antibacterial properties of Ag NPs loaded nylon-6 nanocomposite prepared by one-step electrospinning process. Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng ASP 395:94–99
Pant B, Park M, Park S-J (2019) One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded polyurethane nano-fiber/net structured membrane as an effective antibacterial medium. Polymers 11(7):1185
Pazos-Ortiz E, Roque-Ruiz JH, Hinojos-Marquez EA et al (2017) Dose-dependent antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles on polycaprolactone fibers against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. J Nanomater 2017:9
Phan D-N, Dorjjugder N, Khan MQ, Saito Y, Taguchi G, Lee H, Mukai Y, Kim I-S (2019) Synthesis and attachment of silver and copper nanoparticles on cellulose nanofibers and comparative antibacterial study. Cellulose 26(11):6629–6640
Phan D-N, Dorjjugder N, Saito Y, Taguchi G, Lee H, Lee JS, Kim I-S (2019) The mechanistic actions of different silver species at the surfaces of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers regarding antibacterial activities. Mater Today Commun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100622
Phan D-N, Lee H, Huang B, Mukai Y, Kim I-S (2019) Fabrication of electrospun chitosan/cellulose nanofibers having adsorption property with enhanced mechanical property. Cellulose 26(3):1781–1793
Rogachev AA, Yarmolenko MA, Rogachou AV, Tapalski DV, Liu X, Gorbachev DL (2013) Morphology and structure of antibacterial nanocomposite organic–polymer and metal–polymer coatings deposited from active gas phase. RSC Adv 3(28):11226–11233
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson M-A, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM (2011) Foodborne illness acquired in the United States–major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 17(1):7–15
Shi Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Yu Z, Yang D (2015) Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers loaded with silver nanoparticles by silver mirror reaction. Mater Sci Eng C 51:346–355
Wang W, Li W, Gao C, Tian W, Sun B, Yu D (2015) A novel preparation of silver-plated polyacrylonitrile fibers functionalized with antibacterial and electromagnetic shielding properties. Appl Surf Sci 342:120–126
Watanabe K, Kim B-S, Kim I-S (2011) Development of polypropylene nanofiber production system. Polym Rev 51(3):288–308
Xiu Z-M, Ma J, Alvarez PJJ (2011) Differential effect of common ligands and molecular oxygen on antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles versus silver ions. Environ Sci Technol 45(20):9003–9008
Xu J, Han X, Liu H, Hu Y (2006) Synthesis and optical properties of silver nanoparticles stabilized by gemini surfactant. Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng ASP 273(1):179–183
Yoon K-Y, Hoon Byeon J, Park J-H, Hwang J (2007) Susceptibility constants of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to silver and copper nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 373(2):572–575
Zhao J, Pinchuk AO, McMahon JM, Li S, Ausman LK, Atkinson AL, Schatz GC (2008) Methods for describing the electromagnetic properties of silver and gold nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 41(12):1710–1720
Acknowledgements
The author would like to show deep gratitude to Goro Taguchi’s laboratory for assisting in all antibacterial tests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Phan, DN., Dorjjugder, N., Saito, Y. et al. The synthesis of silver-nanoparticle-anchored electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and a comparison with as-spun silver/polyacrylonitrile nanocomposite membranes upon antibacterial activity. Polym. Bull. 77, 4197–4212 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02969-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02969-8