Skip to main content
Log in

Plasticized jackfruit seed starch: a viable alternative for the partial replacement of petroleum-based polymer blends

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Blends based on recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and jackfruit seed starch were prepared using a melt blending method. A total of three blend systems was studied: rHDPE/native starch blends, rHDPE/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends and rHDPE/citric acid-treated thermoplastic starch (TPSCA) blends at ratios of 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40. Modifications were made to overcome the problems of dealing with starch based blends, due to the blends’ compatibility with hydrophobic rHDPE and the hydrophilic nature of starch. For the rHDPE/starch blends, the tensile properties were poorer than those of neat rHDPE, with lower ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break, but higher Young’s modulus. Upon the conversion of starch into thermoplastic starch, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), dispersion and thermal stability slightly improved. A blend ratio of 90/10 exhibited the highest tensile strength, while the 60/40 ratio exhibited the highest Young’s modulus and better thermal stability. Similar trends were observed in rHDPE blended with citric acid-treated thermoplastic starch, with much better interfacial bonding between the rHDPE matrix and the TPSCA phase, as observed by SEM, thus improving the thermal stability as well as the tensile properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gutiérrez TJ, Alvarez VA (2017) Properties of native and oxidized corn starch/polystyrene blends under conditions of reactive extrusion using zinc octanoate as a catalyst. React Funct Polym 112:33–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Gutiérrez TJ, Alvarez VA (2017) Films made by blending poly (ε-caprolactone) with starch and flour from sagu rhizome grown at the venezuelan amazons. J Polym Environ 25(3):701–716

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Zain AHM, Kahar AWM, Noriman NZ (2016) Chemical-mechanical hydrolysis technique of modified thermoplastic starch for better mechanical performance. Proc Chem 19:638–645

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Khan MA, Bhattacharia SK, Kader MA, Bahari K (2006) Preparation and characterization of ultraviolet (UV) radiation cured bio-degradable films of sago starch/PVA blend. Carbohydr Polym 63:500–506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kumar AP, Singh RP (2008) Biocomposite of cellulose reinforced starch: improvement of properties by photo-induced crosslinking. Biores Technol 99(18):8803–8809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Niazi MBK, Broekhuis AA (2015) Surface photo-crosslinking of plasticized thermoplastic starch films. Eur Polym J 64:229–243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang Y, Rempel C, Liu Q (2014) Thermoplastic starch processing and characteristics—a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54(10):1353–1370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Yu L, Dean K, Li L (2006) Polymer blends and composites from renewable resources. Prog Polym Sci 31(6):576–602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mukprasirt A, Sajjaanantakul K (2004) Physico-chemical properties of flour and starch from jackfruit seeds (Arthocarpus heterophyllus LAM.) compared with modified starches. Int J Food Sci Technol 39:271–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kahar AWM, Ismail H, Abdul Hamid A (2016) The correlation between crosslink density and thermal properties of high density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends prepared via dynamic vulcanisation approach. J Thermal Anal Calorim 123(1):301–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kahar AWM, Ismail H (2016) High density polyethylene/natural rubber blends filled with thermoplastic tapioca starch: physical and isothermal crystallization kinetics study. J Viny Add Technol 22(3):191–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Neelam K, Vijay S, Lalit S (2012) Various techniques for the modification of the starch and the applications of its derivatives. Int Resear J Pharm 3(5):25–31

    Google Scholar 

  13. Rengsutthi K, Charoenrein S (2011) Physico-chemical properties of jackfruit seed starch (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and its application as a thickener and stabilizer in chilli sauce. LWT–Food Sci Technol 44(5):1309–1313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Tulyathan V, Tananuwong K, Songjinda P, Jaiboon N (2002) Some physicochemical properties of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) seed flour and starch. Sci Asia 28:37–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kahar AWM, Ismail H, Othman N (2013) Properties of HVA-2 vulcanized high density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends. J App Polym Sci 128(4):2479–2488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kahar AWM, Sharifuddin S, Ismail H (2017) Structures, thermal and physico-chemical properties of high density polyethylene/natural rubber systems incorporated with modified cassava starch. Ira Polym J 26(2):149–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gutiérrez TJ, Guarás MP, Alvarez VA (2017) Reactive extrusion for the production of starch-based biopackaging. In: Masuelli MA (ed) Biopackaging. Editorial CRC Press, Miami, pp 287–315. ISBN 978-1-4987-4968-8

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kahar AWM, Ismail H, Nadras O (2011) Characterization of citric acid-modified tapioca starch and its influence on thermal behaviour and water absorption of high density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends. Poly Plastics Technol Eng 50:748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kahar AWM, Ismail H, Othman N (2012) Morphology and tensile properties of high-density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends: the effect of citric acid-modified tapioca starch. J App Polym Sci 125:768–775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Seligra PG, Jaramillo CM, Famá L, Goyanes S (2016) Biodegradable and non-retrogradable eco-films based on starch–glycerol with citric acid as crosslinking agent. Carbohyd Polym 138:66–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Amirah Hulwani MZ, Kahar AWM, Ismail H (2017) Biodegradation behaviour of thermoplastic starch: the roles of carboxylic acids on cassava starch. J Polym Environ 26(2):691–700

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gutiérrez TJ, Pérez E, Guzmán R, Tapia MS, Famá L (2014) Physicochemical and functional properties of native and modified by crosslinking, dark cush-cush yam (Dioscorea trifida) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch. J Polym Biopolym Phys Chem 2(1):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gutiérrez TJ, González G (2017) Effect of cross-linking with Aloe vera gel on surface and physicochemical properties of edible films made from plantain flour. Food Biophys 12(1):11–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Gutiérrez TJ, Alvarez VA (2017) Eco-friendly films prepared from plantain flour/PCL blends under reactive extrusion conditions using zirconium octanoate as a catalyst. Carbohyd Polym 178:260–269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Tongdang T (2008) Some properties of starch extracted from three thai aromatic fruit seeds. Starch/Starke 60:199–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Naknaen P (2014) Physicochemical, thermal, pasting and microstructure properties of hydroxypropylated jackfruit seed starch prepared by etherification with propylene oxide. J Food Biophy 9:249–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ren J, Fu H, Ren T, Yuan W (2009) Preparation, characterization and properties of binary and ternary blends with thermoplastic starch, poly (lactic acid) and poly (butylene adipate- co -terephthalate). Carbohyd Polym 77(3):576–582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Antonio JF (2008) In: Belgacem M, Gandini A(eds) Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources, Elsevier Ltd, Amsterdam, 321–343

  29. Charoenvai S (2014) Durian peels fiber and recycled HDPE composites obtained by extrusion. Ener Proced 56:539–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ougizawa T, Inoue T (2004) Morphology of polymer blends. In: Utracki L, Wilkie C (eds) Polymer blends handbook. Springer, Berlin, pp 875–909

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mano JF, Koniarova D, Reis RL (2003) Thermal properties of thermoplastic starch/synthetic polymer blends with potential biomedical applicability. J Mater Sci Mater Med 14(1):127–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bootklad M, Kaewtatip K (2013) Biodegradation of thermoplastic starch/eggshell powder composites. Carbohyd Polym 97(2):315–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kahar AWM, Ismail H, Othman N (2013) Properties of HVA-2 vulcanized high density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends. J App Polym Sci 128(4):2479–2488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Perlis for the supply of raw materials and equipment provided. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi under the Grant UniMAP/RMIC/FRGS/9003-00601.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. W. M. Kahar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kahar, A.W.M., Lingeswarran, M., Amirah Hulwani, M.Z. et al. Plasticized jackfruit seed starch: a viable alternative for the partial replacement of petroleum-based polymer blends. Polym. Bull. 76, 747–762 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-018-2402-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-018-2402-2

Keywords

Navigation