Full Length ArticleKinetic modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil by quicklime-catalyzed transesterification
Introduction
Tremendous attention has been paid to biodiesel by governments, business sectors and scientific institutions all over the world in recent years because of many positive technical characteristics and important economic, environmental, social and political impacts [1]. Despite these benefits, the main barrier to biodiesel commercialization is the high price of its production, caused by the high cost of currently used oily feedstocks (mainly edible vegetable oils), which makes 70–95% of the total biodiesel cost [2]. Furthermore, even if the whole amount of available edible oils is used for the biodiesel production, current diesel requirements will not be satisfied [3]. Thus, other seed crops that could grow on marginal lands and produce non-edible oils should be looked for. Additional possibilities for the improvement of biodiesel production are to use the heterogeneous catalysts, to optimize transesterification reactions, to use more effective reactors and to upgrade each production stage.
White mustard (Sinapis alba L.), an annual plant of the family Brassicaceae, is cultivated worldwide because of its numerous uses. The aboveground parts are used in agriculture as a green manure and a fodder crop as tasty young seedlings are edible [4]. White mustard seed (WMS) has the largest agronomic value because of high oil and protein contents and low starch content [5]. WMS oil (WMSO) contains mainly oleic, linoleic, linolenic and erucic acid [6]. It is used in industry for lightning and as lubricant [7] or diesel fuel additive [8], in traditional medicine as anti-tumor, antiviral and analgesic agent [9], as well as in food preparation as a condiment [10], [11] and a preservative [12]. WMSO is usually extracted from ground seeds by the Soxhlet extraction apparatus using n-hexane or petroleum ether, water or supercritical CO2 extraction and cold pressing or expelling [13]. Press cake, a by-product of oil recovery, can be used in poultry production [14].
WMSO is currently seen as a promising biodiesel resource [15], [16]. Low quality WMSO has already been employed for biodiesel production [17], [18]. An overview of the previous studies of biodiesel production from WMSO is given in Table 1. Mainly methanol and alkali hydroxides were used in the biodiesel production from WMSO. NaOH was more active than KOH as higher esters yield (92%) was achieved with the former than with the latter (84%) [19]. The catalyst amount was in the range between 0.3% and 1.8%, mostly about 1% of the oil weight while the methanol-to-oil molar ratio was from 2:1 to 12:1, most frequently 6:1. The reaction temperature was usually close to the boiling point of methanol (60–65 °C). Methyl esters content lower than the prescribed limit for biodiesel (96.5%) was most likely because of the use of crude (unrefined) oil as feedstock. Exceptionally, Tabtabaei et al. [20], [21] used the dewatered WMSO/water/tetrahydrofuran emulsion and methanol in the presence of NaOH to produce biodiesel while Issariyakul et al. [8] reported the production of biodiesel from WMSO by KOH-catalyzed transesterification with methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol. A few studies are related to the process optimization using the traditional “one-factor-at-a-time” method [19] and the kinetic modeling [22]. Table 1 indicates that no solid catalyst has been applied to accelerate the WMSO transesterification. A number of recent studies are related to fuel properties, performances and exhaust gas emission of WMSO biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel [11], [16], [23], [24], [25], [26].
CaO is frequently employed as a catalyst for transesterification of various feedstocks because of its high basicity, mild reaction condition, high esters yield, possible recycling, low cost and easy preparation from natural or waste sources [29], [30], [31]. Since this reaction can be mass transfer- or reaction rate-controlled, two independent first-order models with respect to triacylglycerols (TAGs) [32] or a more complex model that combines the changing mechanism and the first-order rate law with respect to TAGs and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) [33], respectively have been employed so far for describing the kinetics of transesterification over CaO-based catalysts.
The biodiesel production from non-edible WMSO by transesterification with methanol over low-cost quicklime was investigated in a batch stirred reactor. The main goal was to select the better model between the two above-mentioned models of Veljković et al. [32] and Miladinović et al. [33] and to make it simpler and easier for application. In addition, the transesterification reaction was optimized using a full factorial design with replication in combination with the response surface methodology in order to select the best reaction conditions (methanol-to-WMSO molar ratio, catalyst amount and reaction time) ensuring the maximum FAME content.
Section snippets
Theoretical background
Both kinetic modeling and statistical modeling and optimization of the transesterification of WMSO with methanol in the presence of quicklime powder were applied in this study.
S. alba seeds
The seeds of the “NS Bela” variety of S. alba L. (WMS), created at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops (Novi Sad, Serbia), were used. Oil and moisture contents of the seeds were 20.64 ± 0.18 g/100 g and 3.78 ± 0.16 g/100 g and, respectively [13]. The WMSO was obtained by cold pressing through an oil press (Komet, Germany) using 8 mm nozzles. After pressing, WMSO was filtered under vacuum to remove solid residues. The low content of free fatty acids (1.95 ± 0.03 mg KOH/g) allowed the
Analysis of WMSO transesterification over quicklime
The change of the TAG, DAG, MAG and FAME contents in the esters phase of the reaction mixture with time is shown in Fig. 1. As it was expected, the FAME content varied sigmoidally. Initially, the rate of FAME formation increased slowly, then accelerated and reached the maximum as the reaction approached the completion. On the other hand, as a consequence of FAME formation, the TAG content decreased during the reaction. The MAG and DAG contents passed through the maximum values but they were
Conclusion
Biodiesel production in the future will depend on low-cost, non-edible and renewable feedstocks and low-cost, active, stable and solid catalysts that will be used in novel more intensive technologies. Having the required properties, WMSO and quicklime are shown in the present study as good candidates for the biodiesel production. WMSO was transesterified even faster and with a shorter initial lag period than sunflower oil in the presence of both quicklime and KOH, due to higher total content of
Acknowledgment
This work has been funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Serbia (Project III 45001).
References (63)
- et al.
Technological, technical, economic, environmental, social, human health risk, toxicological and policy considerations of biodiesel production and use
Renew Sust Energy Rev
(2017) - et al.
Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils
Renew Sust Energy Rev
(2012) - et al.
Exhaust emissions and fuel properties of partially hydrogenated soybean oil methyl esters blended with ultra low sulfur diesel fuel
Fuel Process Technol
(2009) - et al.
Rapid aqueous extraction of mucilage from whole white mustard seed
Food Res Int
(2000) - et al.
Evaluation of Sinapis alba, native to Israel, as a rich source of erucic acid in seed oil
Ind Crop Prod
(1994) - et al.
Analysis on fat-soluble components of Sinapis semina from different habitats by GC-MS
J Pharm Anal
(2013) - et al.
Experimental investigation of mustard biodiesel blend properties, performance, exhaust emission and noise in an unmodified diesel engine
APCBEE Proc
(2014) - et al.
Chemical composition, antimicrobial property and microencapsulation of Mustard (Sinapis alba) seed essential oil by complex coacervation
Food Chem
(2014) - et al.
Sinapis alba seed as a prospective biodiesel source
Biomass Bioenergy
(2013) - et al.
Evaluation of Sinapis alba as feedstock for biodiesel production in Mediterranean climate
Fuel
(2016)