Ligand field effect for Dysprosium(III) and Lutetium(III) adsorption and EXAFS coordination with novel composite nanomaterials
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Rare earth metals have been widely used in all major applications in metallurgy, electronics, ceramics, optical, medical, magnets, chemical, and nuclear technologies due to their specific physical and chemical properties. For example, Dysprosium (Dy(III)) has used in magnetic alloys and ferrites for microwave purposes. In addition, Dy(III) has numerous applications in nuclear and metallurgical industries. Also the Dy(III) along with special steel is used to make nuclear reactor control rods. Moreover, in combination with vanadium and other rare earth, Dy(III) has been used in making laser materials [1], [2]. Similarly, Lutetium (Lu(III)) is one of the heavy lanthanide (Ln(III)) elements with significant uses in the production of color televisions, energy-saving lamps and glasses [3]. However, the individual Ln(III) separation from each other is very difficult due to their similar chemical properties. On the other hand, the decrease in ionic radius with atomic number within the Ln(III) implied the predictable chemical differences from lanthanum through Lu(III) [4]. Therefore, there is room to separate the specific Ln(III) considering to the complexation ability at optimum condition. Then the fast, simple, and accurate Ln(III) separation with specific complexation mechanism is very important.
Several methods are used for separation of rare earth metals such as liquid extraction, sedimentation, oxidation, ion exchange and adsorption. Liquid extraction is the common method used for the separation and recovery of metal ions from aqueous solutions [5], [6], [7], [8]. However, solid phase extraction/adsorption is replacing liquid extraction due to the absence of emulsion, great enrichment ratio, flexibility, short process, automated analytical techniques, safety and minimal costs [9], [10]. Diverse adsorption materials such as organic chelate resin, silica and silica gel, alumina, titania, and molecular-imprinted polymers have been used as adsorbents for solid phase extraction [6], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]. In this connection, much of the research in selecting adsorbents in solid phase extraction/adsorption based on molecular embedded materials [16], [17], [18] is used for metal ions separation. From this stand point, nanomaterials can be used as suitable materials for this purpose due to their high surface area, specific pore size and pore volumes [1], [19], [20]. In this connection, diverse metal ions are separated with using different ligands group containing functionalized nanomaterials [21], [22], [23], [24], [25]. However, the Ln(III) has special interaction with N- and O-donor ligands based on the hard-soft acid-bases theory [26], [27], [28].
Recently, hybrid donor ligands are received much attention for specific Ln(III) separation due to their complexation ability and coordination mechanism [28], [29]. In this study, N- and O- donor ligand containing N-methyl-N-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-2-carboxamide (MePhPTA) (Scheme 1) was used for Ln(III) intra-series separation after successful immobilization onto the alumina-silica composite nanomaterials. In the structure of MePhPTA, two N-atoms in phenanthroline and one O- atom in amide carbonyl are arranged for stable complex formation with the Ln(III). As the MePhPTA ligand is flexible, the most Ln(III) ions can be accommodated within this inner coordination sphere. The different radii of Ln(III) cause their different properties, such as charge densities and hydration energy. Their hydration energy ranges from 3370 to 3760 kJ/mol from Ce(III) to Lu(III) ions [30], [31]. Hence, the only way to design an ion-selective ligands and ligand field effect for specific Ln(III) separation with semi-cavity and high flexibility. Then the carrier inorganic materials have always bear the significant influence to open the functionality of the embedded organic ligand for knowing the ligand field effect [32], [33], [34]. In this connection, we have prepared alumina-silica composite nanomaterials and then incorporated with the MePhPTA ligand to understand the ligand effect while the ligand was same. Also this is the first time approach of the corresponding author to evaluate the Ln(III) separation based on the using of alumina-silica as carrier field. After Ln(III) intra-series observation by the functionalized composite nanomaterial, Dy(III) and Lu(III) ions are specific for effective separation at optimum condition. The incorporation of aluminum into the silica gives the materials with acidic active sites. It is also noted that the acidity of these solid materials generally arises from the cationic Bronsted acid sites from the coordination of aluminum species in the alumina-silica nanomaterials [35], [36], [37]. Then the acidity of composite nanomaterial surfaces is a key factor in Ln(III) separation and coordination. The present work describes our investigations of the adsorption of Dy(III) and Lu(III) ions on the composite nanomaterial.
The metal ions complexation on the solid surface functional group has been evident by the synchrotron based extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) methods [38], [39], [40]. The EXAFS analysis provides structural speciation with metal ions identification, coordination number and bond distance of the neighboring atoms around the metal atom [41]. The Ln(III) coordination mechanisms are evident of ligand doped silica based nanomaterials. However, specific interaction was evident with low bond distance of ytterbium probe atoms [28]. This gives an idea to investigate the Ln(III) surface interaction with N- and O-donor ligand based alumina-silica composite nanomaterials with specific focus on Dy(III) and Lu(III) complex formation during adsorption at optimum condition. Here, we present the results of Dy(III) and Lu(III) ions complex with MePhPTA ligand embedded composite nanomaterial based on the EXAFS method. Significant parameters such as incorporation ligand and alumina-silica, composite nanomaterial characterization, the Ln(III) transportation behaviour were determined systematically. It is also noted that diverse ligand embedded materials gave an advantages from the stand point of sensitivity, selectivity and coordination mechanism [42], [43], [44]. There is similar valance and ionic radii of the Ln(III) and trivalent actinides (Am(III), Cm(III), and Cf(III) [45], [46], [47], the Ln(III) separation method from the present study can be used to predict the behaviour of the actinide-series elements in the nuclear fuel processing in nuclear waste treatment.
Section snippets
Materials
All materials and chemicals were of analytical grade and used as purchased without further purification. Silica source of Tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), the triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) as Pluronic F108, designated as F108 (EO141PO44EO141) and Al(NO3)3·9H2O were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd. USA. The Ln(III) as the nitrate derivatives were purchased from Rare Metallic Co. Ltd., Japan and other metal ions reagent were purchased from
Characterization of alumina-silica and conjugate material
The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms with specific area, pore size and pore volumes of the sample are shown in Fig. 1(A). The isotherms are IV type with H2 shaped hysteresis loops, indicating synthesized alumina-silica pores are mesoporous material [36], [37]. The sharp capillary condensation steps were occurred at the relative pressure of 0.4–0.6, which is indicating the uniform mesoporous characteristic [33]. Also the alumina-silica has consisted of a high surface area of 379 m2/g with the
Conclusions
In this work, extensive laboratory experiments were performed for selective Dy(III) and Lu(III) ions adsorption and recovery based on ligand field effect and coordination mechanism by EXAFS using hybrid Lewis base anchored alumina-silica based composite nanomaterial. The nanomaterial clarified an excellent adsorption properties in terms of sensitivity and selectivity because of the coordination complexation with O and N donor atoms on its surface which can create intensive interaction with
Acknowledgment
This research was partially supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up (24860070) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The authors extend their appreciation to the International Scientific Partnership Program ISPP at King Saud University for funding this research work through ISPP# 87. The EXAFS experiments have been carried out with the approvals of KEK, Tsukuba (Proposal No. 2014G102). The author also wishes to thanks to the anonymous reviewers and editor for
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