Ultrafast dynamics at the zinc phthalocyanine/zinc oxide nanohybrid interface for efficient solar light harvesting in the near red region
Graphical abstract
Introduction
The choice of photo-sensitizers in solar light-harvesting applications, including dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and visible light photocatalysis (VLP) is very important. In most cases, polypyridyl ruthenium complexes are likely choices for such applications [1], [2], [3], [4]. While the complexes work reasonably well in visible light, the main drawback of such complexes is a lack of reasonable absorption in the near-IR region. Given that IR energy accounts for 49% of the solar spectrum, an extended red response of the sensitizers is necessary to improve the device efficiency [5]. Phthalocyanines (PCs) have been used in light-harvesting applications, including in polymer-based hybrid DSSC [6], to complement the optical absorption of the polymer in the red region of the solar spectrum. The chemical structures of the PCs are characterized by an aromatic monocyclic ligand carrying clouds of delocalized л-conjugated electrons and a central metallic atom with typically 2+ oxidation states playing the role of electron donor to the ligands. Zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc) are a class of PCs whose main electronic features are explained in detail using DFT [7] and are represented schematically in Fig. 1. ZnPc is usually modified by the addition of anchoring groups for light-harvesting applications [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13].
In this manuscript, a facile means to attach a biologically important ligand, tartrate, to the central metal of ZnPc using simple wet chemistry was employed. We have made nanohybrids of tartrate-functionalized ZnPc with zinc oxide (ZnO) of different morphologies (particles and nanorods) for light-harvesting applications or red light photocatalysis. Although titania (TiO2) was reported to be a more efficient charge separator from the excited sensitizer in light harvesting, recently DSSC based on ZnO have attained efficiency that is comparable to titania [6]. Moreover, ZnO has emerged more recently in the framework of light-harvesting devices as an alternative to titania because of its flexibility in materials synthesis and significant electron mobility [14]. While Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy reveals attachment of the tartrate ligand through a carboxylate end to the ZnO NP, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the intactness of the crystal structure of ZnO upon functionalization with tartrate. We have also studied the photocatalytic activity of the nanohybrid under red light illumination with a model water pollutant, methyl orange (MO), and found significant enhancement, which is found to be a manifestation of enhanced ROS formation from the nanohybrid in aqueous solution. To use the functional material (nanohybrid) in a flow device for the decontamination of polluted water, we have used ZnO nanorods (ZnO NR) on a glass plate duly functionalized with tartrate–ZnPc. The intrinsic emission of the ZnO NR and its spectral overlap with the absorption spectrum of ZnPc reveals Fo¨rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) from the surface of the NR to the attached ZnPc, confirming the close proximity between the sensitizer ZnPc to the host ZnO NR. We have confirmed enhanced photocurrent under visible light and measured the wavelength-dependent photocurrent in the sensitized ZnO NR. A prototype of the flow device has also been made and tested for potential application in decontamination of the model water pollutant (MO).
Section snippets
Reagents
Zinc acetate dihydrate, ZnO (~30 nm), methyl orange, zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), tartaric acid, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, and hexamethylenetetramine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All compounds were of the highest commercially available purity and used as received. Ultrapure water (Millipore System, 18.2 MΩ cm) and ethanol (≥99% for HPLC, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich) were used as solvents. Analytical-grade chemicals were used for synthesis without further purification. Dimethyl sulfoxide
Results and discussion
The chemical structure of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), tartrate ligand and a possible binding site for the formation of the nanohybrid are shown in Scheme 1. A typical high-resolution transmission electron microscopic (HR-TEM) image of ZnO NPs is shown in Fig. 1a. The lattice fringe of ZnO NP shows an interplanar distance of ~0.245 nm, corresponding to the spacing between two (002) planes [23]. The average particle size is estimated to be ~28 nm. Fig. 1b shows the UV–vis absorption spectra of ZnPc
Conclusion
In summary, we have sensitized ZnO NPs with ZnPc through a tartrate ligand for the light-harvesting application in the red region of the solar spectrum. A variety of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques have been employed to confirm the formation of a nanohybrid of ZnO with the organic ZnPc. We have used the nanohybrid for a potential application of red-light-induced photocatalysis of a model water contaminant, namely MO. In a prototype, we have demonstrated that sensitized ZnO NRs in a
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the support of King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) through the Science & Technology Unit at Umm Al-Qura University for funding through Project no. 12-NANO2317-10 as part of the National Science, Technology and Innovation Plan.
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